Private provisioning of infrastructure has reemerged from the late 20th century, after having been in the doldrums for nearly 60 years,  though this time around  with innovations in oversight and regulation and choices with regard to market structure.  With the “de-regulation” movement that had started in the UK and the US, there has been a shift towards light and incentive compatible regulation. Another important change has been the pursuit of unbundling and the concomitant  marketization of segments of industry hitherto regulated as natural monopolies, while the networks were subject to incentive regulation.  In the UK, and from 1997 in India there has also been a privatization of infrastructure. In the UK this meant the reversal of the post WWII nationalizations, while in India “cold- privatizations” have been the norm. Regulation in India has not moved completely to incentive compatible mechanisms, and the electricity sector has moved to unbundling with marketization being just round the corner.  It is in PPPs in the roads, ports and airports that India has made major progress, and India is at a stage of development where the physical infrastructural investments would grow at very high rates, with much of the same happening through a deeper role for the private sector, given the organizational limitations of the state.  Similarly, in many developing countries, the agenda of privatization and PPPs have gone forward, which are seen to be significant mechanisms to enhance investments in infrastructure, and enhance social value. As a result, the practice of “government and infrastructure” consultation has grown along with very large growth of private investments in infrastructure.